Best ISTQB-CTFL Exam Dumps for the Preparation of Latest ISTQB-CTFL Exam Questions [Q158-Q181]

QUESTION 158
Which of the following statements refers to a good testing practice that applies to all software development lifecycles?

Each test level should have its own specific test objectives that should be consistent with the software development lifecycle phase or type of activities it addresses.

Test analysis and design for any test levels should begin as soon as coding is complete, and all system components are available for testing

The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.

All the tests should be automated and run as part of the continuous integration process with every software change

QUESTION 159
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Test cases are made up of input values, expected results and actual results developed to cover test objectives

Test cases describe items or events to test that are derived from the test basis during the test analysis activity

Test cases are sequences of actions for test execution specified during the test implementation activity

Test cases are derived during the test design activity to cover test objectives or test conditions

QUESTION 160
Manager responsibilities in formal review includes ad except one of the following:

Planning the review

Determines if the review objectives have been met

Decide on the execution of reviews

Allocate time for review

QUESTION 161
Which of the statements correctly describes when a whole team approach may NOT be suitable?

When a high level of test independence may be required.

When acceptance tests need to be created.

When a test automation approach needs to be determined.

When the team dynamics need to be improved.

QUESTION 162
In maintenance testing, what is the relationship between impact analysis and regression testing?

Impact analysis requires a regression testing for only the tests that have detected faults in previous SW release

There is no relationship between impact analysis and regression testing.

Impact analysis requires a regression testing for all program elements which were newly integrated (new functionalities).

The impact analysis is used to evaluate the amount of regression testing to be performed.

QUESTION 163
Which sequence of stated in the answer choices is correct in accordance with the following figure depicting the life-cycle of a defect?

S0->S1->S2->S3->S5->S1

S0->S1->S2->S3->S5->S1->S2->S3

S0->S1->S2~>S3->S4

S0->S1 ->S2->S3->S5->S3->S4

QUESTION 164
Which of the following applications will be the MOST suitable for testing by Use Cases

Accuracy and usability of a new Navigation system compared with previous system

A billing system used to calculate monthly charge based or large number of subscribers parameters

The ability of an Anti virus package to detect and quarantine a new threat

Suitability and performance of a Multi media (audio video based) system to a new operating system

A new navigation system compared with a previous system is the most suitable application for testing by use cases, because it involves a high level of interaction between the user and the system, and the expected behavior and outcomes of the system are based on the user’s needs and goals. Use cases can help to specify the functional requirements of the new navigation system, such as the ability to enter a destination, select a route, follow the directions, receive alerts, etc. Use cases can also help to compare the accuracy and usability of the new system with the previous system, by defining the success and failure scenarios, the preconditions and postconditions, and the alternative flows of each use case. Use cases can also help to design and execute test cases that cover the main and exceptional paths of each use case, and to verify the satisfaction of the user’s expectations.
The other options are not the most suitable applications for testing by use cases, because they do not involve a high level of interaction between the user and the system, or the expected behavior and outcomes of the system are not based on the user’s needs and goals. A billing system used to calculate monthly charge based on a large number of subscriber parameters is more suitable for testing by data-driven testing, which is a technique for testing the functionality and performance of a system or component by using a large set of input and output data. The ability of an antivirus package to detect and quarantine a new threat is more suitable for testing by exploratory testing, which is a technique for testing the functionality and security of a system or component by using an informal and flexible approach, based on the tester’s experience and intuition. Thesuitability and performance of a multimedia (audio video based) system to a new operating system is more suitable for testing by compatibility testing, which is a technique for testing the functionality and performance of a system or component by using different hardware, software, or network environments. References = CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, Section 3.1.1, page 28-29; Section 4.1.1, page 44-45; Section 4.2.1, page 47-48.

QUESTION 165
Which of the following does MOT describe a reason why testing is necessary?

The customer decided that 100% branch coverage shall be achieved

The acquisition of test automation tools was based on the assumption that it will be used m all projects

For avionics and pharmaceutical systems software testing is mandated by standards

The risks associated with delivering the system are far higher than the cost of testing

Testing is necessary for various reasons, such as:
To detect defects and failures that may affect the quality, performance, reliability or security of a software product or system To verify that a software product or system meets its specified requirements, expectations and standards To validate that a software product or system fulfills its intended purpose and satisfies its stakeholders’ needs To provide information and feedback about the status and risks of a software product or system To comply with regulations or contractual obligations that mandate testing for certain types of software products or systems The following statements describe some reasons why testing is necessary:
A) The customer decided that 100% branch coverage shall be achieved. This is a reason why testing is necessary, as it reflects a contractual obligation or a quality standard that requires testing to measure and achieve a certain level of code coverage.
C) For avionics and pharmaceutical systems software testing is mandated by standards. This is a reason why testing is necessary, as it reflects a regulation or a compliance requirement that mandates testing for certain types of software products or systems that have high safety or security risks.
D) The risks associated with delivering the system are far higher than the cost of testing. This is a reason why testing is necessary, as it reflects a risk-based approach that considers testing as an investment to reduce the probability and impact of potential failures or defects. The following statement does not describe a reason why testing is necessary:
B) The acquisition of test automation tools was based on the assumption that it will be used m all projects. This is not a reason why testing is necessary, as it reflects a business decision or a resource allocation that does not justify the need or purpose of testing. Test automation tools are not always suitable or beneficial for all projects, and testing can be performed with or without test automation tools. Verified Reference: [A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus – Springer], Chapter 1, page 5-6.

QUESTION 166
Manager responsibilities in formal review includes ad except one of the following:

Planning the review

Determines if the review objectives have been met

Decide on the execution of reviews

Allocate time for review

QUESTION 167
Which of the following is a correct reason to apply test automation?

When a new test automation tool is launched

When there are a lot of repetitive testing tasks

When it is easy to automate

When it is cheap to buy test automation tools

QUESTION 168
To be able to define testable acceptance criteria, specific topics need to be addressed. In the table below are the topics matched to an incorrect description. Match the topics (the left column) with the correct description (the right column) TopicDescription

How the system performs the specific behaviour.
8: Quality characteristicsB: A sequence of actions between an external actor and the system, to accomplish a specific goal or business task.

ScenariosC: The externally observable behaviour with user actions as input operating under certain configurations.

Business rulesD; Description of the connections between the system to be developed and the outside world.

External interfacesE: Activities that can only be performed in the system under certain conditions defined by outside procedures and constraints.

A to C, B to A, C to B. D to E and E to D

A to E, B to A, C to B, D to C and E to D

A to C, B to A, C to B, D to D and E to E

A TO A, B TO B, CTOB, DTO E AND E TO D

QUESTION 169
Which of the following is NOT a common objective of testing?

Finding defects in the software

Preventing defects

Debugging the software to find the reason for defects

Providing information on the status of the system

QUESTION 170
Which of the following is not an example of a typical content of a test completion report for a test project?

The additional effort spent on test execution compared to what was planned

The unexpected test environment downtime that resulted in slower test execution

The residual risk level if a risk-based test approach was adopted

The test procedures of all test cases that have been executed

QUESTION 171
Which of the following is a function of a dynamic analysis tool?

Provide support for traceability of tests, test results and incidents to source documents

Monitor the allocation, use and de-allocation of memory during run-time of a program

Execute programs step-by-step in order to reproduce failures and find corresponding defects

Provide support for release of baselines consisting of configuration items

QUESTION 172
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?

100% Stale transition coverage

100% Equivalence class coverage

100% Boundary value coverage

100% Statement coverage

Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print(“Positive”) else print(“Non-positive”) end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x >
0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures thepercentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. References = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing – Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics – MATLAB & Simulink – MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing – GeeksforGeeks.

QUESTION 173
Your manager asked you when testing will be complete. In order to answer this question, you’ll most likely use:

Test progress reports

Your colleagues advice

A conversion spreadsheet

A Test Oracle

QUESTION 174
When should component integration tests be carried out?

Integration tests should always be done after system tests

Integration tests should be done at the customer’s site, after acceptance tests

Integration tests can be done before or after system tests

Integration tests should always be done before system tests

QUESTION 175
As a tester, as part of a V-model project, you are currently executing some tests aimed at verifying if a mobile app asks the user to grant the proper access permissions during the installation process and after the installation process. The requirements specification states that in both cases the app shall ask the user to grant access permissions only to the camera and photos stored on the device. However, you observe that the app also asks the user to grant access permission to all contacts on the device. Consider the following items:
[I]. Test environment
[ii]. Expected result
[iii]. Actual result.
[IV] Test level.
[V]. Root cause.
Based on only the given information, which of the items listed above, are you able to CORRECTLY specify in a defect report?

[l] and [IV]

[ii] and [III].

[ii], [iii] and [v]

[ii], [IV] and [V].

QUESTION 176
A program is used to control a manufacturing line (turn machines on and off. start and stop conveyer belts, add raw materials to the flow. etc.). Not all actions are possible at all times. For example, there are certain manufacturing stages that cannot be stopped – unless there is an emergency. A tester attempts to evaluate if all such cases (where a specific action is not allowed) are covered by the tests.
Which coverage metric will provide the needed information for this analysis?

Code coverage

Data flow coverage

Statement coverage

Branch Coverage

Branch coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of branches or decision outcomes that are executed by the test cases. A branch is a point in the code where the control flow can take two or more alternative paths based on a condition. For example, an if-else statement is a branch that can execute either the if-block or the else-block depending on the evaluation of the condition. Branch coverage ensures that each branch is taken at least once by the test cases, and thus reveals the behavior of the software under different scenarios. Branch coverage is also known as decision coverage or all-edges coverage.
Branch coverage is suitable for testing the cases where a specific action is not allowed, because it can verify that the test cases cover all the possible outcomes of the conditions that determine the action. For example, if the program has a condition that checks if the manufacturing stage can be stopped, then branch coverage can ensure that the test cases cover both the cases where the stage can be stopped and where it cannot be stopped. This way, branch coverage can help identify any missing or incorrect branches that may lead to undesired or unsafe actions.
The other options are not correct because they are not suitable for testing the cases where a specific action is not allowed. Code coverage is a general term that encompasses various types of coverage metrics, such as statement coverage, branch coverage, data flow coverage, etc. Code coverage does not specify which type of coverage metric is used for the analysis. Data flow coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of data flow paths that are executed by the test cases. A data flow path is a sequence of statements that define, use, or kill a variable. Data flow coverage is useful for testing the correctness and completeness of the data manipulation in the software, but not for testing the conditions that determine the actions. Statement coverage is a type of structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of statements or lines of code that are executed by the test cases. Statement coverage ensures that each statement is executed at least once by the test cases, but it does not reveal the behavior of the software under different scenarios. Statement coverage is a weaker criterion than branch coverage, because it does not account for the branches or decision outcomes in the code. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 syllabus, Chapter 4: Test Techniques, Section 4.3: Structural Testing Techniques, Pages 51-54.

QUESTION 177
Which of the following statements about decision tables are TRUE?
I. Generally, decision tables are generated for low risk test items.
II. Test cases derived from decision tables can be used for component tests.
III. Several test cases can be selected for each column of the decision table.
IV. The conditions in the decision table represent negative tests generally.

I. Ill

I, IV

II. IV

II. Ill

QUESTION 178
Which of the following coverage criteria results in the highest coverage for state transition based test cases?

Can’t be determined

Covering all transitions at least once

Covering only start and end states

Covering all states at least once

QUESTION 179
Which of the following statements is TRUE?

User acceptance tests are usually automated and aim to verify the acceptance criteria for user stories

Acceptance criteria for user stories can include details on data definitions, for example by describing the format, allowed values, and default values for a data item

Acceptance criteria for user stones should focus on positive scenarios, while negative scenarios should be excluded

Tests derived from acceptance criteria for user stories are not included in any of the four testing quadrants

QUESTION 180
Which of the following statements describes regression testing?
I, Retesting of a fixed defect
II, Testing of an already tested program
III, Testing of new functionality in a program
IV, Regression testing applies only to functional testing
V Tests that do not nave to be repeatable, because They are only used once

II, IV, V

I, III, IV

II

I, IV

QUESTION 181
A typical objective of testing is to

Determine the most appropriate level of detail with which to design test cases.

Verify the compliance of the test object with regulatory requirements.

Plan test activities in accordance with the existing test policy and test strategy

Verify the correct creation and configuration of the test environment

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