May-2026 Get Totally Free Updates on CTFL_Syll_4.0 Dumps PDF Questions [Q68-Q86]

NO.68 Following a risk-based testing approach you have designed 10 tests to cover a product risk with a high-risk level. You want to estimate, adopting the three-point test estimation technique, the test effort required to reduce the risk level to zero by executing those 10 tests. You made the following three initial estimates:
* most optimistic = 6 person hours
* most likely = 30 person hours
* most pessimistic = 54 person hours
Based only on the given information, which of the following answers about the three-point test estimation technique applied to this problem is true?

The final estimate is between 22 person hours and 38 person hours

The final estimate is exactly 30 person hours because the technique uses the initial most likely estimate as the final estimate

The final estimate is between 6 person hours and 54 person hours

The final estimate is exactly 30 person hours because the technique uses the arithmetic mean of the three initial estimates as the final estimate

NO.69 Which of the following statements about how different types of test tools support testers is true?

The support offered by a test data preparation tool is often leveraged by testers to run automated regression test suites

The support offered by a performance testing tool is often leveraged by testers to run load tests

The support offered by a bug prediction tool is often used by testers to track the bugs they found

The support offered by a continuous integration tool is often leveraged by testers to automatically generate test cases from a model

Explanation
The support offered by a performance testing tool is often leveraged by testers to run load tests, which are tests that simulate a large number of concurrent users or transactions on the system under test, in order to measure its performance, reliability, and scalability. Performance testing tools can help testers to generate realistic workloads, monitor system behavior, collect and analyze performance metrics, and identify performance bottlenecks. The other statements are false, because:
A test data preparation tool is a tool that helps testers to create, manage, and manipulate test data, which are the inputs and outputs of test cases. Test data preparation tools are not directly related to running automated regression test suites, which are test suites that verify that the system still works as expected after changes or modifications. Regression test suites are usually executed by test execution tools, which are tools that can automatically run test cases and compare actual results with expected results.
A bug prediction tool is a tool that uses machine learning or statistical techniques to predict the likelihood of defects in a software system, based on various factors such as code complexity, code churn, code coverage, code smells, etc. Bug prediction tools are not used by testers to track the bugs they found, which are the actual defects that have been detected and reported during testing. Bugs are usually tracked by defect management tools, which are tools that help testers to record, monitor, analyze, and resolve defects.
A continuous integration tool is a tool that enables the integration of code changes from multiple developers into a shared repository, and the execution of automated builds and tests, in order to ensure the quality and consistency of the software system. Continuous integration tools are not used by testers to automatically generate test cases from a model, which are test cases that are derived from a representation of the system under test, such as a state diagram, a decision table, a use case, etc. Test cases can be automatically generated by test design tools, which are tools that support the implementation and maintenance of test cases, based on test design specifications or test models.
References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 3.4.1, Types of Test Tools ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Performance Testing Tool, Test Data Preparation Tool, Bug Prediction Tool, Continuous Integration Tool, Test Execution Tool, Defect Management Tool, Test Design Tool

NO.70 Which of the following statements is true?

A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure

A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error

Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions

Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels

Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions. A failure is an event in which the software system does not perform a required function or performs a function incorrectly, according to the expected behavior. A defect is a flaw in the software system or a deviation from the requirements or the specifications, that may cause a failure. However, not all failures are caused by defects, as some failures may be caused by environmental conditions, such as hardware malfunctions, network interruptions, power outages, incompatible configurations, etc. Environmental conditions are factors that affect the operation of the software system, but are not part of the software system itself. The other statements are false, because:
A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure. This statement is false, because a defect may or may not produce a failure, depending on the inputs, the outputs, the states, or the scenarios of the software system, and a bug is just another term for a defect, so it has the same possibility of producing a failure as a defect. For example, a defect in a rarely used feature or a hidden branch of the code may never produce a failure, while a defect in a frequently used feature or a critical path of the code may produce a failure often. A bug is not a different concept from a defect, but rather a synonym or a colloquial term for a defect, so it has the same definition and implications as a defect.
A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error. This statement is false, because an error is not a consequence of a failure, but rather a cause of a defect. An error is a human action or a mistake that produces a defect in the software system, such as a typo, a logic flaw, a requirement misunderstanding, etc. An error is not observable in the software system, but rather in the human mind or the human work products, such as the code, the design, the documentation, etc. A failure is not a cause of an error, but rather a result of a defect, which is a result of an error. For example, an error in the code may cause a defect in the software system, which may cause a failure in the software behavior.
Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels. This statement is false, because bugs and failures are not different types of defects, but rather different terms for defects and their manifestations. As mentioned before, bugs are just another word for defects, and failures are the events in which the software system does not perform as expected due to defects. Bugs and failures can be found at any test level, not only at component testing or higher test levels. Test levels are the stages of testing that correspond to the levels of integration of the software system, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Defects and failures can occur and be detected at any test level, depending on the test objectives, the test basis, the test techniques, and the test environment. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.1.2, Testing and Quality1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.1, Testing Principles1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.3.1, Testing in Software Development Lifecycles1 ISTQB® Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Failure, Defect, Bug, Environmental Condition, Error, Test Level2

NO.71 Which ONE of the following options identifies the perspectives through which acollective authorship processgenerates a shared vision of user stories?

Product owner, development, and testing

Business, architecture, and testing

Business, development, and testing

Business, development, and acceptance testing

NO.72 Which of the following is a factor that contributes to a successful review?

All participants to the review will be evaluated based on the defects they will find

The author of the work product to be reviewed leads the review meeting

All participants to the review are trained to deal with the review type and its objectives

Review metrics must be collected to improve the review process

NO.73 The following decision table is used to assist a doctor in determining the drug therapy to prescribe for a patient (aged 6 to 65 years) diagnosed with acute sinusitis. The table consists of three Boolean conditions and six actions:

Based only on the given information, which of the following statements is true?

Column 7 represents an impossible situation and thus can be deleted

Columns 1 and 3 can be merged into a single column

Columns 2, 4. 6 and 8 can be merged into a single column

Columns 5 and 7 can be merged into a single column

NO.74 Which of the following statements is CORRECT about error guessing?

While reviewing the test cases, testers have to make guess about the kind of mistakes test cases might contain

Error guessing doesn’t make use of past failures as past failures are not indicators of correct defects

Fault attacks are an example of a technique for implementing error guessing.

Error guessing depends on the developers guessing what mistakes testers might make and miss the possible defects

NO.75 For each test case to be executed, the following table specifies its dependencies and the required configuration of the test environment for running such test case:

Assume that CONF1 is the initial configuration of the test environment. Based on this assumption, which of the following is a test execution schedule that is compatible with the specified dependencies and allows minimizing the number of switches between the different configurations of the test environment?

TC4, TC3, TC2, TC1.TC5

TC1.TC5.TC4. TC3, TC2

TC4, TC3. TC2, TC5, TC1

TC4.TC1, TC5. TC2.TC3

NO.76 Which of the following statements about statement coverage is true?

Achieving 90% statement coverage ensures that 90% branch coverage is achieved

Achieving 100% statement coverage ensures that no variable within the code has been used without being initialized

Achieving 100% statement coverage ensures that 100% branch coverage is achieved

Achieving 80% statement coverage ensures that 80% of all executable statements within the code have been exercised

NO.77 The following 4 equivalence classes are given:

Which of the following alternatives includes correct test values for x. based on equivalence partitioning?

-100; 100:1000; 1001

-500; 0; 100; 1000

-99; 99:101; 1001

-1000; -100; 100; 1000

NO.78 A virtual service emulating a real third-party service and the automated test scripts (aimed at testing the system under test) that interact with that service, are test work products that are typically created during:

Test monitoring and control

Test implementation

Test design

Test analysis

NO.79 Test automation allows you to:

demonstrate the absence of defects

produce tests that are less subject to human errors

avoid performing exploratory testing

increase test process efficiency by facilitating management of defects

NO.80 A company runs a pilot project for evaluation of a test automation tool. Which of the following is NOT a valid object of this pilot project?

Get familiar with the functionality and options of the tool

Check haw the tool fits to the existing test processes

Train all testers on using the tool

Decide upon standards for tool implementation

NO.81 Which of the following statements is CORRECT about White-box testing?

White-box testing helps find defects because it focuses on defects rather than failures

White-box testing helps find defects because they can be used to measure statement coverage

White-box testing helps find defects because it provides for requirements based coverage

White-box testing helps find defects even when specifications are vague because it takes into account the code.

NO.82 Scenario 2 “Big Drop”:
A company”The Big Drop”providesbulk discounts and frequent customer discountsas follows:

How manypossible decision rulescan be extracted from this table?

5 decision rules

6 decision rules

32 decision rules

8 decision rules

NO.83 The following rules determine the annual bonus to be paid to a salesman of a company based on the total annual amount of the sales made (referred to as TAS).
If the TAS is between 50k€ and 80k€, the bonus is 10%. If the TAS exceeds 80k€ by a value not greater than
40k€, the bonus is 15%. Finally, if the TAS
exceeds the maximum threshold which entitles to a 15% bonus, the bonus is 22%.
Consider applying equivalence partitioning to the TAS (Note: 1k€ = 1000 euros).
Which one of the following answers contain only test cases that belong to the same equivalence partition?

TC1 = 81 k€; TC2= 97k€; TC3=111k€; TC4=118k€

TC1 = 40k€; TC2= 46k€; TC3=51k€; TC4=53k€

TC1 = 79k€; TC2= 80k€; TC3=81k€; TC4=82k€

TC1 = 90k€; TC2= 110k€; TC3=125k€: TC4=140k€

NO.84 Exploratory testing is an experience-based test technique:

Where a developer and a tester work together on the same workstation: while the developer actively writes code, the tester explores the code to find defects

That can be organized into sessions guided by test charters outlining test objectives that will guide the testers’ exploration

Where a team of testers explores all possible test techniques in order to determine the most suitable combination of these techniques to apply for a test project

That aims at finding defects by designing tests that exercise all possible combinations of input values and preconditions

NO.85 The following chart represents metrics related to testing of a project that was competed. Indicate what is represented by tie lines A, B and the axes X.Y A)

NO.86 Which of the following statements about retrospectives is true?

Only developers and testers should be involved in retrospectives, as involving people in other roles is very likely to prevent developers and testers from having open and constructive discussions that really help identify process improvements

Retrospectives can be very effective in identifying process improvements and can also be very efficient and cost-effective especially since, unlike reviews, they do not require any follow-up activities

On Agile projects, well-conducted retrospectives at the end of each iteration can help the team reduce and sometimes even eliminate the need for daily stand-up meetings

During retrospectives, in addition to identifying relevant process improvements, participants should also consider how to implement these improvements and retain them based on the context of the project, such as the software development lifecycle

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